A reasonable litmus test for a "Digital Twin" is analogous to the Turing Test for AI. Suppose you have a System Tester (ST), a Physical System (PS), and a Digital Twin (DT) for PS. If the ST can run a robust system Verification & Validation (V&V) Test Suite on both PS and DT, but cannot reliably distinguish between them with a probability > 80%, ∴ DT is a bona fide Digital Twin of PS. Digital Engineering Group
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